In this disenchanted age, it may seem impertinent to associate cybernetics with religion. In fact, cybernetics is explicitly conceived as a theology. In the 1960 paper “Cyborgs in Space” (in which the word “cyborg” makes its first appearance), Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline cast the cybernetic project in religious terms from the very first sentence. “Space travel challenges mankind not only technologically but also spiritually,” they state (emphasis mine), “in that it invites man to take an active part in his own biological evolution.”